The Effects of Prayer on Spiritual Presence Events
Eleanor Schille-Hudson & Kara Weisman
2024-03-05
Setup & Loading Data
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
Analysis 1: Prayer Increases Spiritual Presence Events
Study 1
An informal summary (KW): above and beyond differences across countries, rural vs. urban locations, and religious groups, the more frequently a person reported praying, the more spiritual events they reported having experienced. This is robust to many analytic decisions, including modeling responses at the item level vs. modeling average scores on the Spiritual Events scale and considering sample characteristics as fixed effects, nested random effects, or crossed random effects.
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(328) | p
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.47 | 0.05 | [0.37, 0.56] | 9.84 | < .001
## prayfreqmin | 0.04 | 8.00e-03 | [0.02, 0.05] | 4.50 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## -----------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: religion:(site:country)) | 0.07
## SD (Intercept: site:country) | 0.00
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.10
## SD (Residual) | 0.16Charismatic Christian participants only
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(171) | p
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.51 | 0.05 | [0.41, 0.61] | 9.77 | < .001
## prayfreqmin | 0.03 | 9.93e-03 | [0.01, 0.05] | 3.06 | 0.003
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI
## --------------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: site:country) | 0.04 | 0.02 | [0.01, 0.12]
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.11 | 0.04 | [0.05, 0.24]
## SD (Residual) | 0.14 | 7.65e-03 | [0.12, 0.15]Study 2
An informal summary (KW): above and beyond differences across countries and samples (charismatic vs. general population), the more frequently a person reported praying, the more spiritual events they reported having experienced. This is robust to many analytic decisions, including modeling responses at the item level vs. modeling average scores on the Spiritual Events scale and considering sample characteristics as fixed or random effects.
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(1000) | p
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.28 | 0.04 | [0.21, 0.36] | 7.12 | < .001
## prayminday imp0 | 0.07 | 5.79e-03 | [0.06, 0.08] | 11.92 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## ------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: population:country) | 0.04
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.08
## SD (Residual) | 0.16Charismatic Christian participants only
An informal summary (KW): Yet again, all of this held true considering only charismatic samples, and this is robust to many analytic decisions, including modeling responses at the item level vs. modeling average scores on the Spiritual Events scale and considering sample characteristics as fixed or random effects.
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(244) | p
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.39 | 0.03 | [0.33, 0.45] | 12.92 | < .001
## prayminday imp0 | 0.06 | 0.01 | [0.04, 0.09] | 5.66 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI
## ---------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.06 | 0.03 | [0.02, 0.14]
## SD (Residual) | 0.18 | 8.17e-03 | [0.16, 0.20]Study 3
An informal summary (KW): above and beyond differences across denominations, the more frequently a person reported praying, the more spiritual events they reported having experienced. This is robust to many analytic decisions, including [NOT YET CONFIRMED: modeling responses at the item level vs. modeling average scores on the Spiritual Events scale and] considering sample characteristics as fixed vs. random effects.
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(1758) | p
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.45 | 0.05 | [0.35, 0.56] | 8.61 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num | 0.11 | 6.65e-03 | [0.10, 0.12] | 16.77 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## --------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: religion_denom) | 0.12
## SD (Residual) | 0.48All Christian participants
An informal summary (KW): The previous observation also holds true for Christian participants considered alone: above and beyond differences across denominations, the more frequently a person reported praying, the more spiritual events they reported having experienced. Again, this is robust to many analytic decisions, considering sample characteristics as fixed vs. random effects.
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(759) | p
## -----------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.73 | 0.11 | [0.52, 0.95] | 6.70 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num | 0.11 | 0.01 | [0.09, 0.13] | 10.38 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI
## ----------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: religion_cat) | 0.31 | 0.09 | [0.17, 0.54]
## SD (Residual) | 0.60 | 0.02 | [0.57, 0.63]Only evangelical Christian participants
An informal summary (KW): The previous observation also holds true for Evangelical participants considered alone: the more frequently a person reported praying, the more spiritual events they reported having experienced.
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(118) | p
## -----------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.80 | 0.05 | [0.70, 0.90] | 15.59 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num | 0.10 | 0.02 | [0.05, 0.15] | 4.24 | < .001Analysis 2: Prayer Affects Some Spiritual Presence Events More Than Others
Study 1
Reliability of Categories
##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = relabeled_int)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.61 0.62 0.6 0.19 1.6 0.032 0.65 0.26 0.2
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.55 0.61 0.67
## Duhachek 0.55 0.61 0.68
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## thought_mind 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.17 1.2 0.038 0.0084 0.20
## vision_mind 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.17 1.2 0.038 0.0101 0.19
## dreams 0.60 0.60 0.58 0.20 1.5 0.034 0.0082 0.20
## knowing 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.21 1.6 0.032 0.0082 0.22
## sensation 0.57 0.57 0.55 0.18 1.3 0.036 0.0103 0.19
## body_experience 0.55 0.55 0.54 0.17 1.2 0.038 0.0099 0.20
## intense_emotion 0.59 0.59 0.56 0.20 1.5 0.034 0.0044 0.20
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## thought_mind 325 0.60 0.61 0.53 0.40 0.74 0.44
## vision_mind 329 0.62 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.49 0.50
## dreams 331 0.48 0.49 0.34 0.26 0.71 0.46
## knowing 323 0.46 0.45 0.27 0.20 0.63 0.48
## sensation 312 0.56 0.58 0.46 0.36 0.76 0.43
## body_experience 326 0.61 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.66 0.48
## intense_emotion 330 0.53 0.51 0.39 0.28 0.60 0.49
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## thought_mind 0.26 0.74 0.04
## vision_mind 0.51 0.49 0.03
## dreams 0.29 0.71 0.02
## knowing 0.37 0.63 0.04
## sensation 0.24 0.76 0.08
## body_experience 0.34 0.66 0.04
## intense_emotion 0.40 0.60 0.02##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = outer_sensory_int)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.65 0.65 0.62 0.27 1.9 0.03 0.33 0.31 0.24
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.59 0.65 0.71
## Duhachek 0.59 0.65 0.71
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## voice_ears 0.56 0.56 0.50 0.24 1.3 0.039 0.0040 0.22
## vision_eyes 0.60 0.60 0.53 0.27 1.5 0.036 0.0053 0.27
## touch 0.61 0.60 0.55 0.28 1.5 0.035 0.0097 0.24
## smell 0.58 0.58 0.53 0.26 1.4 0.037 0.0100 0.22
## see_hear_other 0.64 0.64 0.59 0.31 1.8 0.032 0.0091 0.31
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## voice_ears 328 0.71 0.70 0.61 0.48 0.43 0.50
## vision_eyes 326 0.66 0.65 0.52 0.41 0.37 0.48
## touch 321 0.63 0.63 0.48 0.39 0.29 0.45
## smell 333 0.67 0.67 0.54 0.43 0.28 0.45
## see_hear_other 329 0.57 0.58 0.38 0.31 0.29 0.46
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## voice_ears 0.57 0.43 0.03
## vision_eyes 0.63 0.37 0.04
## touch 0.71 0.29 0.05
## smell 0.72 0.28 0.01
## see_hear_other 0.71 0.29 0.03##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = presence_int)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.51 0.51 0.42 0.26 1 0.046 0.49 0.35 0.22
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.41 0.51 0.59
## Duhachek 0.42 0.51 0.60
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se
## presence_god 0.37 0.37 0.22 0.22 0.58 0.069
## presence_ghostangelspirit 0.35 0.35 0.21 0.21 0.54 0.071
## presence_demon 0.50 0.50 0.34 0.34 1.02 0.054
## var.r med.r
## presence_god NA 0.22
## presence_ghostangelspirit NA 0.21
## presence_demon NA 0.34
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## presence_god 329 0.72 0.73 0.50 0.35 0.34 0.48
## presence_ghostangelspirit 326 0.74 0.73 0.51 0.36 0.56 0.50
## presence_demon 328 0.68 0.67 0.37 0.27 0.56 0.50
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## presence_god 0.66 0.34 0.03
## presence_ghostangelspirit 0.44 0.56 0.04
## presence_demon 0.44 0.56 0.03##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = weird_int)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.4 0.4 0.35 0.15 0.68 0.053 0.33 0.27 0.17
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.28 0.4 0.5
## Duhachek 0.29 0.4 0.5
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## possession_self 0.29 0.29 0.22 0.118 0.40 0.067 0.0087
## out_of_body 0.35 0.35 0.28 0.154 0.55 0.062 0.0110
## shapeshifter 0.22 0.23 0.18 0.092 0.31 0.074 0.0130
## sleep_paralysis 0.45 0.45 0.36 0.217 0.83 0.051 0.0015
## med.r
## possession_self 0.166
## out_of_body 0.166
## shapeshifter 0.044
## sleep_paralysis 0.223
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## possession_self 329 0.63 0.63 0.43 0.26 0.26 0.44
## out_of_body 327 0.54 0.59 0.33 0.20 0.18 0.39
## shapeshifter 325 0.68 0.67 0.49 0.32 0.30 0.46
## sleep_paralysis 330 0.56 0.51 0.17 0.11 0.58 0.49
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## possession_self 0.74 0.26 0.03
## out_of_body 0.82 0.18 0.03
## shapeshifter 0.70 0.30 0.04
## sleep_paralysis 0.42 0.58 0.02Correlations
| Category | Mean R | Question | Item-wise R |
|---|---|---|---|
| relabeled | 0.183 | thought_mind | 0.270 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | intense_emotion | 0.257 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | vision_mind | 0.239 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | sensation | 0.202 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | dreams | 0.159 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | body_experience | 0.083 |
| relabeled | 0.183 | knowing | 0.071 |
| (other) | 0.147 | slain_in_spirit | 0.348 |
| (other) | 0.147 | scripture | 0.257 |
| (other) | 0.147 | time_slow | 0.229 |
| (other) | 0.147 | rush_power | 0.173 |
| (other) | 0.147 | people | 0.108 |
| (other) | 0.147 | place_body | 0.091 |
| (other) | 0.147 | encounter_other | -0.011 |
| (other) | 0.147 | white_light | -0.015 |
| presence | 0.124 | presence_demon | 0.274 |
| presence | 0.124 | presence_god | 0.070 |
| presence | 0.124 | presence_ghostangelspirit | 0.028 |
| outer_sensory | 0.087 | vision_eyes | 0.174 |
| outer_sensory | 0.087 | voice_ears | 0.157 |
| outer_sensory | 0.087 | see_hear_other | 0.061 |
| outer_sensory | 0.087 | touch | 0.060 |
| outer_sensory | 0.087 | smell | -0.018 |
| weird | 0.005 | out_of_body | 0.091 |
| weird | 0.005 | possession_self | 0.020 |
| weird | 0.005 | shapeshifter | -0.034 |
| weird | 0.005 | sleep_paralysis | -0.055 |
Linear mixed effects models
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(1321) | p
## -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.66 | 0.06 | [ 0.55, 0.77] | 11.77 | < .001
## category [outer_sensory] | -0.32 | 0.02 | [-0.36, -0.28] | -15.90 | < .001
## category [presence] | -0.16 | 0.02 | [-0.20, -0.12] | -8.11 | < .001
## category [weird] | -0.32 | 0.02 | [-0.36, -0.28] | -16.03 | < .001
## prayfreqmin | 0.07 | 0.01 | [ 0.04, 0.09] | 5.35 | < .001
## category [outer_sensory] × prayfreqmin | -0.04 | 0.02 | [-0.07, -0.01] | -2.32 | 0.020
## category [presence] × prayfreqmin | -0.02 | 0.02 | [-0.05, 0.01] | -1.09 | 0.274
## category [weird] × prayfreqmin | -0.07 | 0.02 | [-0.10, -0.04] | -4.26 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## -----------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: religion:(site:country)) | 0.09
## SD (Intercept: site:country) | 0.03
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.11
## SD (Residual) | 0.26Charismatic Christian participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(692) | p
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.77 | 0.06 | [ 0.66, 0.89] | 13.31 | < .001
## category [outer_sensory] | -0.45 | 0.03 | [-0.50, -0.40] | -17.56 | < .001
## category [presence] | -0.27 | 0.03 | [-0.32, -0.22] | -10.44 | < .001
## category [weird] | -0.47 | 0.03 | [-0.52, -0.42] | -18.17 | < .001
## prayfreqmin | 0.05 | 0.02 | [ 0.02, 0.08] | 3.31 | < .001
## category [outer_sensory] × prayfreqmin | -0.02 | 0.02 | [-0.06, 0.03] | -0.77 | 0.439
## category [presence] × prayfreqmin | -7.91e-03 | 0.02 | [-0.05, 0.03] | -0.36 | 0.716
## category [weird] × prayfreqmin | -0.07 | 0.02 | [-0.11, -0.02] | -3.01 | 0.003
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI
## --------------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: site:country) | 0.05 | 0.02 | [0.02, 0.12]
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.12 | 0.05 | [0.05, 0.26]
## SD (Residual) | 0.24 | 6.52e-03 | [0.23, 0.25]Study 2
Reliability of Categories
##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = relabeled_epi)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.73 0.73 0.69 0.4 2.7 0.014 0.41 0.36 0.39
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.7 0.73 0.76
## Duhachek 0.7 0.73 0.76
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## dreams 0.75 0.75 0.67 0.49 2.9 0.014 0.0074 0.45
## voice_mind 0.62 0.63 0.54 0.36 1.7 0.020 0.0070 0.34
## thought_mind 0.61 0.62 0.52 0.35 1.6 0.021 0.0065 0.32
## vision_mind 0.68 0.68 0.62 0.42 2.2 0.017 0.0230 0.34
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## dreams 1009 0.66 0.65 0.45 0.39 0.46 0.50
## voice_mind 1010 0.79 0.79 0.71 0.60 0.40 0.49
## thought_mind 1008 0.81 0.80 0.73 0.61 0.50 0.50
## vision_mind 1001 0.71 0.73 0.58 0.50 0.27 0.44
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## dreams 0.54 0.46 0.00
## voice_mind 0.60 0.40 0.00
## thought_mind 0.50 0.50 0.01
## vision_mind 0.73 0.27 0.01##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = outer_sensory_epi)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.6 0.59 0.53 0.27 1.5 0.02 0.17 0.26 0.26
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.56 0.6 0.64
## Duhachek 0.56 0.6 0.64
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r med.r
## voice_ears 0.46 0.46 0.37 0.22 0.84 0.029 0.0051 0.24
## vision_eyes 0.54 0.53 0.44 0.28 1.15 0.024 0.0073 0.24
## touch 0.49 0.48 0.40 0.24 0.93 0.027 0.0117 0.21
## smell 0.60 0.60 0.51 0.33 1.51 0.022 0.0027 0.35
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## voice_ears 1007 0.75 0.72 0.59 0.46 0.20 0.40
## vision_eyes 1005 0.68 0.66 0.47 0.37 0.20 0.40
## touch 1005 0.72 0.71 0.55 0.43 0.19 0.39
## smell 995 0.53 0.59 0.34 0.27 0.10 0.30
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## voice_ears 0.80 0.20 0.01
## vision_eyes 0.80 0.20 0.01
## touch 0.81 0.19 0.01
## smell 0.90 0.10 0.02##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = presence_epi)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.65 0.66 0.63 0.24 1.9 0.017 0.26 0.26 0.23
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.62 0.65 0.68
## Duhachek 0.62 0.65 0.68
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se
## presence_god 0.61 0.62 0.58 0.25 1.6 0.019
## presence_demon 0.59 0.59 0.55 0.23 1.5 0.020
## presence_ghostangelspirit 0.63 0.64 0.59 0.26 1.8 0.018
## presence_dead 0.61 0.62 0.57 0.24 1.6 0.019
## presence_naturespirit 0.60 0.61 0.56 0.24 1.5 0.020
## presence_witch 0.60 0.61 0.56 0.24 1.6 0.020
## var.r med.r
## presence_god 0.0044 0.26
## presence_demon 0.0035 0.21
## presence_ghostangelspirit 0.0034 0.28
## presence_dead 0.0052 0.25
## presence_naturespirit 0.0048 0.22
## presence_witch 0.0023 0.22
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## presence_god 1002 0.66 0.59 0.46 0.37 0.38 0.49
## presence_demon 909 0.65 0.65 0.55 0.44 0.25 0.43
## presence_ghostangelspirit 1008 0.58 0.56 0.40 0.33 0.34 0.47
## presence_dead 907 0.61 0.60 0.47 0.37 0.27 0.45
## presence_naturespirit 906 0.58 0.62 0.50 0.40 0.14 0.35
## presence_witch 909 0.59 0.62 0.50 0.39 0.18 0.39
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## presence_god 0.62 0.38 0.01
## presence_demon 0.75 0.25 0.10
## presence_ghostangelspirit 0.66 0.34 0.01
## presence_dead 0.73 0.27 0.11
## presence_naturespirit 0.86 0.14 0.11
## presence_witch 0.82 0.18 0.10##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = weird_epi)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.32 0.3 0.24 0.12 0.42 0.034 0.28 0.27 0.073
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.25 0.32 0.39
## Duhachek 0.26 0.32 0.39
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## out_of_body 0.42 0.422 0.268 0.268 0.731 0.036 NA
## shapeshifter 0.12 0.136 0.073 0.073 0.157 0.048 NA
## sleep_paralysis 0.05 0.053 0.027 0.027 0.056 0.056 NA
## med.r
## out_of_body 0.268
## shapeshifter 0.073
## sleep_paralysis 0.027
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## out_of_body 1012 0.42 0.57 0.11 0.066 0.091 0.29
## shapeshifter 1008 0.69 0.67 0.39 0.238 0.214 0.41
## sleep_paralysis 1010 0.79 0.69 0.44 0.258 0.527 0.50
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 miss
## out_of_body 0.91 0.09 0.00
## shapeshifter 0.79 0.21 0.01
## sleep_paralysis 0.47 0.53 0.00Correlations
| Category | Mean R | Question | Item-wise R |
|---|---|---|---|
| relabeled | 0.382 | thought_mind | 0.411 |
| relabeled | 0.382 | voice_mind | 0.399 |
| relabeled | 0.382 | dreams | 0.397 |
| relabeled | 0.382 | vision_mind | 0.322 |
| outer_sensory | 0.262 | vision_eyes | 0.350 |
| outer_sensory | 0.262 | voice_ears | 0.338 |
| outer_sensory | 0.262 | touch | 0.238 |
| outer_sensory | 0.262 | smell | 0.122 |
| (other) | 0.211 | spiritual_healing | 0.333 |
| (other) | 0.211 | possession_other | 0.167 |
| (other) | 0.211 | possession | 0.134 |
| presence | 0.188 | presence_demon | 0.331 |
| presence | 0.188 | presence_god | 0.271 |
| presence | 0.188 | presence_witch | 0.237 |
| presence | 0.188 | presence_naturespirit | 0.119 |
| presence | 0.188 | presence_ghostangelspirit | 0.098 |
| presence | 0.188 | presence_dead | 0.069 |
| weird | 0.094 | shapeshifter | 0.179 |
| weird | 0.094 | sleep_paralysis | 0.129 |
| weird | 0.094 | out_of_body | -0.027 |
Linear mixed effects models
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(4009) | p
## -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.42 | 0.04 | [ 0.33, 0.50] | 9.65 | < .001
## category [outer_sensory] | -0.24 | 0.01 | [-0.26, -0.21] | -20.96 | < .001
## category [presence] | -0.15 | 0.01 | [-0.17, -0.13] | -13.41 | < .001
## category [weird] | -0.13 | 0.01 | [-0.15, -0.11] | -11.61 | < .001
## prayminday imp0 | 0.14 | 7.87e-03 | [ 0.13, 0.16] | 18.00 | < .001
## category [outer_sensory] × prayminday imp0 | -0.08 | 0.01 | [-0.10, -0.06] | -7.45 | < .001
## category [presence] × prayminday imp0 | -0.10 | 0.01 | [-0.12, -0.08] | -9.48 | < .001
## category [weird] × prayminday imp0 | -0.13 | 0.01 | [-0.15, -0.11] | -12.58 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## ------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: population:country) | 0.05
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.09
## SD (Residual) | 0.25Charismatic Christian participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(981) | p
## --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.66 | 0.04 | [ 0.59, 0.73] | 18.15 | < .001
## category [outer_sensory] | -0.39 | 0.02 | [-0.44, -0.34] | -15.48 | < .001
## category [presence] | -0.35 | 0.02 | [-0.40, -0.30] | -13.96 | < .001
## category [weird] | -0.34 | 0.02 | [-0.39, -0.29] | -13.58 | < .001
## prayminday imp0 | 0.07 | 0.02 | [ 0.04, 0.10] | 4.32 | < .001
## category [outer_sensory] × prayminday imp0 | 0.02 | 0.02 | [-0.02, 0.07] | 0.96 | 0.336
## category [presence] × prayminday imp0 | 5.47e-04 | 0.02 | [-0.04, 0.05] | 0.02 | 0.981
## category [weird] × prayminday imp0 | -0.06 | 0.02 | [-0.11, -0.02] | -2.66 | 0.008
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## ------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: population:country) | 0.04
## SD (Intercept: country) | 0.05
## SD (Residual) | 0.28Study 3
Reliability of Categories
##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = relabeled_pro)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.87 0.86 0.88 0.48 6.3 0.0039 0.56 0.76 0.53
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.86 0.87 0.88
## Duhachek 0.86 0.87 0.88
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## spiritualevents_02 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.45 4.8 0.0051 0.031
## spiritualevents_03 0.83 0.82 0.83 0.44 4.7 0.0054 0.028
## spiritualevents_05 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.44 4.7 0.0052 0.031
## spiritualevents_09 0.84 0.84 0.85 0.46 5.1 0.0047 0.038
## spiritualevents_14 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.48 5.5 0.0044 0.038
## spiritualevents_19 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.54 6.9 0.0039 0.031
## spiritualevents_20 0.88 0.87 0.87 0.52 6.6 0.0038 0.037
## med.r
## spiritualevents_02 0.35
## spiritualevents_03 0.35
## spiritualevents_05 0.34
## spiritualevents_09 0.35
## spiritualevents_14 0.35
## spiritualevents_19 0.57
## spiritualevents_20 0.57
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## spiritualevents_02 1606 0.85 0.82 0.81 0.78 0.59 1.05
## spiritualevents_03 1596 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.73 1.17
## spiritualevents_05 1577 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.80 0.54 0.99
## spiritualevents_09 1592 0.81 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.76 1.09
## spiritualevents_14 1727 0.76 0.73 0.67 0.65 0.84 1.13
## spiritualevents_19 1647 0.48 0.56 0.46 0.38 0.10 0.49
## spiritualevents_20 1623 0.53 0.60 0.50 0.41 0.17 0.59
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 miss
## spiritualevents_02 0.72 0.06 0.15 0.04 0.03 0.10
## spiritualevents_03 0.68 0.04 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.10
## spiritualevents_05 0.74 0.06 0.15 0.04 0.01 0.11
## spiritualevents_09 0.62 0.08 0.24 0.03 0.03 0.11
## spiritualevents_14 0.60 0.07 0.26 0.04 0.03 0.03
## spiritualevents_19 0.95 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.07
## spiritualevents_20 0.91 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.09##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = outer_sensory_pro)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.48 4.7 0.0058 0.31 0.62 0.46
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.81 0.82 0.83
## Duhachek 0.81 0.82 0.83
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## spiritualevents_01 0.77 0.78 0.75 0.47 3.6 0.0075 0.0149
## spiritualevents_04 0.76 0.77 0.73 0.45 3.3 0.0084 0.0093
## spiritualevents_06 0.75 0.77 0.73 0.45 3.3 0.0084 0.0100
## spiritualevents_07 0.79 0.79 0.76 0.49 3.8 0.0066 0.0231
## spiritualevents_08 0.83 0.83 0.80 0.56 5.0 0.0061 0.0074
## med.r
## spiritualevents_01 0.46
## spiritualevents_04 0.44
## spiritualevents_06 0.44
## spiritualevents_07 0.47
## spiritualevents_08 0.56
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## spiritualevents_01 1613 0.81 0.78 0.71 0.66 0.306 0.75
## spiritualevents_04 1592 0.86 0.82 0.77 0.72 0.491 0.94
## spiritualevents_06 1643 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.72 0.391 0.84
## spiritualevents_07 1647 0.78 0.76 0.67 0.60 0.172 0.60
## spiritualevents_08 1677 0.61 0.65 0.50 0.45 0.076 0.43
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 miss
## spiritualevents_01 0.84 0.05 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.09
## spiritualevents_04 0.75 0.08 0.12 0.03 0.02 0.11
## spiritualevents_06 0.79 0.08 0.10 0.02 0.01 0.08
## spiritualevents_07 0.91 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.07
## spiritualevents_08 0.96 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.06##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = presence_pro)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.73 0.74 0.67 0.49 2.9 0.011 0.51 0.79 0.5
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.71 0.73 0.75
## Duhachek 0.71 0.73 0.75
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## spiritualevents_10 0.74 0.74 0.59 0.59 2.9 0.012 NA
## spiritualevents_11 0.53 0.54 0.37 0.37 1.2 0.022 NA
## spiritualevents_12 0.67 0.67 0.50 0.50 2.0 0.016 NA
## med.r
## spiritualevents_10 0.59
## spiritualevents_11 0.37
## spiritualevents_12 0.50
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## spiritualevents_10 1615 0.83 0.77 0.57 0.49 0.57 1.00
## spiritualevents_11 1638 0.86 0.86 0.77 0.65 0.44 0.86
## spiritualevents_12 1479 0.81 0.81 0.66 0.54 0.38 0.82
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 miss
## spiritualevents_10 0.71 0.07 0.16 0.03 0.02 0.09
## spiritualevents_11 0.76 0.08 0.14 0.02 0.01 0.08
## spiritualevents_12 0.79 0.07 0.11 0.02 0.01 0.17##
## Reliability analysis
## Call: alpha(x = weird_pro)
##
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N ase mean sd median_r
## 0.49 0.54 0.45 0.28 1.2 0.019 0.42 0.57 0.29
##
## 95% confidence boundaries
## lower alpha upper
## Feldt 0.45 0.49 0.53
## Duhachek 0.45 0.49 0.53
##
## Reliability if an item is dropped:
## raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r S/N alpha se var.r
## spiritualevents_16 0.25 0.30 0.18 0.18 0.43 0.028 NA
## spiritualevents_17 0.43 0.45 0.29 0.29 0.83 0.025 NA
## spiritualevents_18 0.52 0.55 0.38 0.38 1.21 0.021 NA
## med.r
## spiritualevents_16 0.18
## spiritualevents_17 0.29
## spiritualevents_18 0.38
##
## Item statistics
## n raw.r std.r r.cor r.drop mean sd
## spiritualevents_16 1701 0.75 0.77 0.59 0.40 0.32 0.71
## spiritualevents_17 1710 0.58 0.72 0.48 0.32 0.12 0.49
## spiritualevents_18 1723 0.81 0.68 0.39 0.29 0.80 1.01
##
## Non missing response frequency for each item
## 0 1 2 3 4 miss
## spiritualevents_16 0.80 0.10 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.04
## spiritualevents_17 0.93 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.04
## spiritualevents_18 0.56 0.15 0.25 0.03 0.02 0.03Correlations
| Category | Mean R | Question | Item-wise R |
|---|---|---|---|
| relabeled | 0.458 | thoughts_mind | 0.626 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | overwhelm_emotion | 0.618 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | dream | 0.549 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | vision_mind | 0.529 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | voice_mind | 0.521 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | illness | 0.196 |
| relabeled | 0.458 | pain | 0.171 |
| (other) | 0.362 | healing_self | 0.419 |
| (other) | 0.362 | power | 0.414 |
| (other) | 0.362 | healing_other | 0.384 |
| (other) | 0.362 | slain_in_spirit | 0.230 |
| outer_sensory | 0.300 | vision_eyes | 0.438 |
| outer_sensory | 0.300 | touch | 0.381 |
| outer_sensory | 0.300 | voice_ears | 0.358 |
| outer_sensory | 0.300 | smell | 0.190 |
| outer_sensory | 0.300 | taste | 0.134 |
| presence | 0.296 | presence_god | 0.458 |
| presence | 0.296 | presence_demon | 0.291 |
| presence | 0.296 | presence_other | 0.139 |
| weird | 0.086 | possession | 0.180 |
| weird | 0.086 | out_of_body | 0.089 |
| weird | 0.086 | sleep_paralysis | -0.011 |
Linear mixed effects models
All participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(6970) | p
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.45 | 0.01 | [ 0.43, 0.48] | 37.82 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM | -0.14 | 8.64e-03 | [-0.15, -0.12] | -15.89 | < .001
## categoryrelabeled GM | 0.11 | 8.62e-03 | [ 0.09, 0.13] | 12.97 | < .001
## categoryweird GM | -0.03 | 8.62e-03 | [-0.05, -0.01] | -3.55 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num | 0.12 | 5.29e-03 | [ 0.11, 0.13] | 22.24 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM × pray freq PEW num | -8.53e-03 | 3.82e-03 | [-0.02, 0.00] | -2.23 | 0.026
## categoryrelabeled GM × pray freq PEW num | 0.09 | 3.81e-03 | [ 0.08, 0.10] | 24.23 | < .001
## categoryweird GM × pray freq PEW num | -0.10 | 3.81e-03 | [-0.10, -0.09] | -25.44 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## ----------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: ResponseId) | 0.46
## SD (Residual) | 0.42All Christian participants
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(3006) | p
## ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.64 | 0.02 | [ 0.60, 0.69] | 28.98 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM | -0.15 | 0.01 | [-0.18, -0.12] | -10.24 | < .001
## categoryrelabeled GM | 0.29 | 0.01 | [ 0.26, 0.31] | 19.18 | < .001
## categoryweird GM | -0.20 | 0.01 | [-0.23, -0.17] | -13.50 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num | 0.10 | 0.01 | [ 0.07, 0.12] | 8.85 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM × pray freq PEW num | -4.73e-03 | 7.28e-03 | [-0.02, 0.01] | -0.65 | 0.516
## categoryrelabeled GM × pray freq PEW num | 0.09 | 7.26e-03 | [ 0.08, 0.10] | 12.47 | < .001
## categoryweird GM × pray freq PEW num | -0.10 | 7.25e-03 | [-0.11, -0.09] | -13.88 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient
## ----------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: ResponseId) | 0.57
## SD (Residual) | 0.47Only evangelical Christians
## # Fixed Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI | t(465) | p
## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## (Intercept) | 0.82 | 0.05 | [ 0.72, 0.93] | 15.52 | < .001
## categoryouter sensory GM | -0.19 | 0.04 | [-0.28, -0.11] | -4.55 | < .001
## categoryrelabeled GM | 0.34 | 0.04 | [ 0.26, 0.42] | 8.06 | < .001
## categoryweird GM | -0.29 | 0.04 | [-0.38, -0.21] | -6.95 | < .001
## pray freq PEW num | 0.08 | 0.02 | [ 0.03, 0.12] | 3.09 | 0.002
## categoryouter sensory GM × pray freq PEW num | 0.01 | 0.02 | [-0.02, 0.05] | 0.73 | 0.463
## categoryrelabeled GM × pray freq PEW num | 0.12 | 0.02 | [ 0.08, 0.16] | 6.27 | < .001
## categoryweird GM × pray freq PEW num | -0.12 | 0.02 | [-0.16, -0.08] | -6.06 | < .001
##
## # Random Effects
##
## Parameter | Coefficient | SE | 95% CI
## --------------------------------------------------------------
## SD (Intercept: ResponseId) | 0.51 | 0.04 | [0.44, 0.61]
## SD (Residual) | 0.53 | 0.02 | [0.50, 0.58]Additional Visualizations
Prayer affects the number of experiences
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
Prayer and Sleep Paralysis
Study 1
Study 2
Study 3
